World History of July 28

Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.

Ottoman-Timurid Wars: Battle of Ankara: Timur, ruler of Timurid Empire, defeats forces of the Ottoman Empire sultan Bayezid I.

Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard.

La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines, is founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomiendas (provinces) in the country.

Eighty Years' War: The Spanish capture the strategic Dutch fortress of Schenkenschans.

Second Northern War: Battle of Warsaw begins.

Constitution of the province of Cantabria ratified at the Assembly Hall in Bárcena la Puente, Reocín, Spain.

French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.

Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.

Peninsular War: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army repulse a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte in the Battle of Talavera.

José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.

USS Constellation (1854), the last all-sail warship built by the United States Navy and current museum ship in Baltimore Harbor, is commissioned.

American Civil War: In the Battle of Ezra Church, Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt under General John Bell Hood to prevent Union forces led by General William T. Sherman from approaching Atlanta, Georgia.

At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream becomes the first and youngest female artist to receive a commission from the United States government for a statue (of Abraham Lincoln).

The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is certified, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.

A moderate earthquake measuring magnitude 4.3-5.2 strikes the Italian island of Ischia, killing over 2,300 people.

The city of Miami is incorporated.

The Australasian Antarctic Expedition began as the SY Aurora departed London.

World War I: In the culmination of the July Crisis, Austria-Hungary declares war on the Kingdom of Serbia and begins the Great War.

The United States begins a 19-year occupation of Haiti.

Anti-lynching movement: The Silent Parade takes place in New York City, in protest against murders, lynchings, and other violence directed towards African Americans.

During the Great Depression, U.S. president Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C.

First flight of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.

Hawaii Clipper disappears between Guam and Manila as the first loss of an airliner in trans-Pacific China Clipper service.

The Sutton Hoo helmet is discovered.

World War II: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227. In response to alarming German advances, all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so are to be tried in a military court, with punishment ranging from duty in a shtrafbat battalion, imprisonment in a Gulag, or execution.

World War II: Operation Gomorrah: The Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg, Germany causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.

A U.S. Army B-25 bomber crashes into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building killing 14 and injuring 26.

Heavy rain and a mudslide in Isahaya, western Kyushu, Japan, kills 992.

The German Volkswagen Act comes into force.

Beginning of the 8th World Festival of Youth and Students.

Vietnam War: U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.

Summer Jam at Watkins Glen: Nearly 600,000 people attend a rock festival at the Watkins Glen International Raceway.

Spetsgruppa A, Russia's elite special force, was formed.

The Tangshan earthquake measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 moment magnitude flattens Tangshan in the People's Republic of China, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.

Olympic Games: Games of the XXIII Olympiad: The summer Olympics were opened in Los Angeles.

The remains of a prehistoric man are discovered near Kennewick, Washington. Such remains will be known as the Kennewick Man.

Australian Ian Thorpe becomes the first swimmer to win six gold medals at a single World Championship meeting.

Nine coal miners trapped in the flooded Quecreek Mine in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, are rescued after 77 hours underground.

Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise Flight 9560 crashes after takeoff from Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow, Russia, killing 14 of the 16 people on board.

The Provisional Irish Republican Army calls an end to its thirty-year-long armed campaign against British rule in Northern Ireland.

Airblue Flight 202 crashes into the Margalla Hills north of Islamabad, Pakistan, killing all 152 people aboard. It is the deadliest aviation accident in Pakistan history and the first involving an Airbus A321.

While flying from Seoul, South Korea to Shanghai, China, Asiana Airlines Flight 991 develops an in-flight fire in the cargo hold. The Boeing 747-400F freighter attempts to divert to Jeju International Airport, but crashes into the sea South-West of Jeju island, killing both crew members on board.

Nawaz Sharif was disqualified from office for life by Supreme Court of Pakistan after finding him guilty of corruption charges.

Australian Wendy Tuck becomes the first female skipper to win the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race.

Catastrophic floods devastate Eastern Kentucky, resulting in 45 fatalities and causing damage to thousands of homes and businesses.

Margaret of Durazzo, Queen of Naples and Hungary (died 1412)

Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet, humanist and epigrammist (died 1530)

William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, German nobleman (died 1592)

Judith Leyster, Dutch painter (died 1660)

Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, French princess (died 1721)

Charles Ancillon, French jurist and diplomat (died 1715)

Thomas Heyward, Jr., American judge and politician (died 1809)

Fabre d'Églantine, French actor, playwright, and politician (died 1794)

Friedrich Wilhelm von Bismarck, German army officer and writer (died 1860)

Ignaz Bösendorfer, Austrian businessman, founded the Bösendorfer Company (died 1859)

Ludwig Feuerbach, German anthropologist and philosopher (died 1872)

Stefan Dunjov, Bulgarian colonel (died 1889)

Gerard Manley Hopkins, English poet (died 1889)

James Edson White, American author and publisher, second son of Ellen G. White and James S. White

Ballington Booth, English-American activist, co-founded Volunteers of America (died 1940)

Elias M. Ammons, American businessman and politician, 19th Governor of Colorado (died 1925)

Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia (died 1922)

Huseyn Khan Nakhchivanski, Russian general (died 1919)

Beatrix Potter, English children's book writer and illustrator (died 1943)

Albertson Van Zo Post, American fencer (died 1938)

Charles Dillon Perrine, American-Argentinian astronomer (died 1951)

Albert Sarraut, French journalist and politician, 106th Prime Minister of France (died 1962)

Ernst Cassirer, Polish-American philosopher and academic (died 1945)

Lucy Burns, American activist, co-founded the National Woman's Party (died 1966)

Stefan Filipkiewicz, Polish painter (died 1944)

Marcel Duchamp, French-American painter and sculptor (died 1968)

Willard Price, Canadian-American journalist and author (died 1983)

Rued Langgaard, Danish organist and composer (died 1952)

Barbara La Marr, American actress and screenwriter (died 1926)

Lawrence Gray, American actor (died 1970)

Freddie Fitzsimmons, American baseball player, coach, and manager (died 1979)

Rudy Vallée, American actor, singer, and saxophonist (died 1986)

Albert Namatjira, Australian painter (died 1959)

Sir Karl Popper, Austrian-English philosopher and academic (died 1994)

Earl Tupper, American inventor and businessman, founded Tupperware Brands (died 1983)

Aenne Burda, German publisher (died 2005)

Malcolm Lowry, English novelist and poet (died 1957)

Carmen Dragon, American conductor and composer (died 1984)

Charles Hard Townes, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2015)

Dick Sprang, American illustrator (died 2000)

Frankie Yankovic, American polka musician (died 1998)

David Brown, American journalist and producer (died 2010)

Andrew V. McLaglen, English-American director and producer (died 2014)

Jacques Piccard, Belgian-Swiss oceanographer and engineer (died 2008)

Ray Ellis, American conductor and producer (died 2008)

Luigi Musso, Italian racing driver (died 1958)

Baruch Samuel Blumberg, American physician and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2011)

Charlie Biddle, American-Canadian bassist (died 2003)

John Ashbery, American poet (died 2017)

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, American journalist and socialite, 37th First Lady of the United States (died 1994)

Shirley Ann Grau, American novelist and short story writer (died 2020)

Firoza Begum, Bangladeshi singer (died 2014)

Junior Kimbrough, American singer and guitarist (died 1998)

Jean Roba, Belgian author and illustrator (died 2006)

Ramsey Muir Withers, Canadian general (died 2014)

Alan Brownjohn, English poet and author (died 2024)

Darryl Hickman, American actor (died 2024)

Johnny Martin, Australian cricketer (died 1992)

Natalie Babbitt, American author and illustrator (died 2016)

Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, Brazilian colonel (died 2015)

Charlie Hodge, Canadian ice hockey player and scout (died 2016)

Jacques d'Amboise, American dancer and choreographer (died 2021)

Neil McKendrick, English historian and academic

Russ Jackson, Canadian football player and coach

Garfield Sobers, Barbadian cricketer

Francis Veber, French director and screenwriter

Luis Aragonés, Spanish footballer, coach, and manager (died 2014)

Arsen Dedić, Croatian singer-songwriter and poet (died 2015)

Alberto Fujimori, Peruvian engineer, academic, and politician, 90th President of Peru (died 2024)

Chuan Leekpai, Thai lawyer and politician, 20th Prime Minister of Thailand

Bill Crider, American author (died 2018)

Riccardo Muti, Italian conductor and educator

Susan Roces, Filipino actress and producer (died 2022)

Tonia Marketaki, Greek director and screenwriter (died 1994)

John Sattler, Australian rugby league player (died 2023)

Mike Bloomfield, American guitarist and songwriter (died 1981)

Bill Bradley, American basketball player and politician

Richard Wright, English singer-songwriter and keyboard player (died 2008)

Jim Davis, American cartoonist, created Garfield

Jonathan Edwards, American singer-songwriter and guitarist

Linda Kelsey, American actress

Fahmida Riaz, Pakistani poet and activist (died 2018)

Peter Cosgrove, Australian general and politician, 26th Governor General of Australia

Sally Struthers, American actress

Gerald Casale, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and director

Eiichi Ohtaki, Japanese singer-songwriter and producer (died 2013)

Vida Blue, American baseball player and sportscaster (died 2023)

Randall Wallace, American screenwriter and producer

Shahyar Ghanbari, Iranian singer-songwriter

Tapley Seaton, Kittitian politician, 4th Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (died 2023)

Santiago Calatrava, Spanish architect and engineer, designed the Athens Olympic Sports Complex

Doug Collins, American basketball player and coach

Gregg Giuffria, American rock musician and businessman

Ray Kennedy, English footballer (died 2021)

Glenn A. Baker, Australian journalist and author

Vajiralongkorn, King of Thailand

Hugo Chávez, Venezuelan colonel and politician, President of Venezuela (died 2013)

Gerd Faltings, German mathematician and academic

Steve Morse, American singer-songwriter and guitarist

Mikey Sheehy, Irish footballer

John Feinstein, American sportswriter and commentator (died 2025)

Robert Swan, English explorer

Terry Fox, Canadian runner and activist (died 1981)

Michael Hitchcock, American actor, producer, and screenwriter

William T. Vollmann, American novelist, short story writer and journalist

Luiz Fernando Carvalho, Brazilian director, producer, and screenwriter

Jon J. Muth, American author and illustrator

Yōichi Takahashi, Japanese illustrator

Yannick Dalmas, French racing driver

Rachel Sweet, American singer, television writer, and actress

Lori Loughlin, American actress

Priscilla Chan, Hong Kong singer

Sossina M. Haile, Ethiopian American chemist

Miguel Ángel Nadal, Spanish footballer

Jimmy Pardo, American stand-up comedian, actor, and host

Shikao Suga, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist

Taka Hirose, Japanese bass player

Alexis Arquette, American actress (died 2016)

Garth Snow, American ice hockey player and manager

Dana White, American businessman, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship

Michael Amott, Swedish guitarist and songwriter

Isabelle Brasseur, Canadian figure skater

Paul Strang, Zimbabwean cricketer and coach

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, Iraqi leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (died 2019)

Ludmilla Lacueva Canut, Andorran writer

Stephen Lynch, American singer-songwriter and actor

Annie Perreault, Canadian speed skater

Robert Chapman, English cricketer

Marc Dupré, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist

Steve Staios, Canadian ice hockey player

Afroman, American rapper and comedian

Elizabeth Berkley, American actress

Alexis Tsipras, Greek engineer and politician, 186th Prime Minister of Greece

Leonor Watling, Spanish actress

Jacoby Shaddix, American singer-songwriter

Aki Berg, Finnish-Canadian ice hockey player

Manu Ginóbili, Argentinian basketball player

Miyabiyama Tetsushi, Japanese sumo wrestler

Kārlis Vērdiņš, Latvian poet

Hitomi Yaida, Japanese singer-songwriter and guitarist

Henrik Hansen, Danish footballer

Birgitta Haukdal, Icelandic singer-songwriter and producer

Lee Min-woo, South Korean singer-songwriter and dancer

Alena Popchanka, Belarusian-French swimmer and coach

Michael Carrick, English footballer and coach

Willie Green, American basketball player and coach

Cain Velasquez, Mexican-American mixed martial artist and wrestler

Sam Dastyari, Iranian-Australian politician

Cody Hay, Canadian figure skater

Ilir Latifi, Swedish-Kosovar mixed martial artist

John David Washington, American actor and football player

Ali Krieger, American soccer player

Zach Parise, American ice hockey player

DeMeco Ryans, American football player and coach

Mathieu Debuchy, French footballer

Dustin Milligan, Canadian actor, producer, and screenwriter

Alexandra Chando, American actress

Lauri Korpikoski, Finnish ice hockey player

Yevhen Khacheridi, Ukrainian-Greek footballer

Pedro, Spanish footballer

Christofer Ranzmaier, Austrian politician

Gunnar Nelson, Icelandic professional fighter and mixed martial artist

Soulja Boy, American rapper, producer, and actor

Simone Pizzuti, Italian footballer

Spencer Boldman, American actor

Harry Kane, English footballer

Evan Rodrigues, Canadian ice hockey player

Cher Lloyd, English singer

Walker Buehler, American baseball player

Hyojung, South Korean singer

Harriet Dart, British tennis player

GloRilla, American rapper

Emile Smith Rowe, English footballer

Malik Nabers, American football player

Theodosius II, Roman emperor (born 401)

Athanasius I Gammolo, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

Thankmar, half-brother of Otto I (during Siege of Eresburg) (born c. 908)

Shi Jingtang, emperor of Later Jin (born 892)

Victor II, pope of the Catholic Church (born 1018)

William Clito, English son of Sybilla of Conversano (born 1102)

Leopold VI, Duke of Austria (born 1176)

Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (born 1220)

Keran, Queen of Armenia ( b. before 1262)

Guy VIII of Viennois, Dauphin of Vienne (born 1309)

Sancia of Majorca, queen regent of Naples (born c. 1285)

John II, king of Cyprus and Armenia (born 1418)

Edward Woodville, Lord Scales (at the Battle of St. Aubin-du-Cormier)

Robert Blackadder, bishop of Glasgow

Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish explorer, founded the city of Santa Marta (born 1460)

Thomas Cromwell, English lawyer and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (born 1495)

Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford (born 1527)

Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish playwright (born 1569)

Cyrano de Bergerac, French poet and playwright (born 1619)

Abraham Cowley, English poet and author (born 1618)

Bulstrode Whitelocke, English lawyer and politician (born 1605)

Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, English politician and diplomat, Secretary of State for the Southern Department (born 1618)

Étienne Baluze, French scholar and academic (born 1630)

Antonio Vivaldi, Italian violinist and composer (born 1678)

Johann Sebastian Bach, German organist and composer (born 1685)

George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Somerset (born 1691)

Maximilien Robespierre, French politician, (born 1758)

Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French soldier and politician (born 1767)

Selim III, Ottoman sultan (born 1761)

Richard Beckett, English cricketer and captain (born 1772)

Gaspard Monge, French mathematician and engineer (born 1746)

Édouard Mortier, duc de Trévise, French general and politician, 15th Prime Minister of France (born 1768)

Nathan Mayer Rothschild, German-English banker and financier (born 1777)

Bernhard Crusell, Finnish composer (born 1775)

Clemens Brentano, German author and poet (born 1778)

Joseph Bonaparte, French diplomat and brother of Napoleon (born 1768)

Charles Albert of Sardinia (born 1798)

Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Czech anatomist and physiologist (born 1787)

George Law Curry, American publisher and politician (born 1820)

Moses Montefiore, British philanthropist, sheriff and banker (born 1784)

Edward Beecher, American minister and theologian (born 1803)

Édouard-Henri Avril, French painter (born 1849)

John DeWitt, American hammer thrower (born 1881)

Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist and optician, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1862)

Nishinoumi Kajirō III, Japanese sumo wrestler, 30th yokozuna (born 1890)

Marie Dressler, Canadian-American actress and singer (born 1868)

Louis Tancred, South African cricketer and pilot (born 1876)

Meletius IV of Constantinople (born 1871)

Flinders Petrie, English archaeologist and academic (born 1853)

Saint Alphonsa, first woman of Indian origin to be canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church (born 1910)

Edith Abbott, American economist, social worker, and educator (born 1876)

Isaac Heinemann, German-Israeli scholar and academic (born 1876)

Carl Borgward, German engineer, founder of Borgward Group

Edogawa Ranpo, Japanese author and critic (born 1894)

Attallah Suheimat, Jordanian politician (born 1875)

Karl W. Richter, American lieutenant and pilot (born 1942)

Otto Hahn, German chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1879)

Ramón Grau, Cuban physician and politician, 6th President of Cuba (born 1882)

Frank Loesser, American composer (born 1910)

Lawrence Moore Cosgrave, Canadian colonel and diplomat (born 1890)

Myril Hoag, American baseball player (born 1908)

Charles E. Pont, French-American minister and painter (born 1898)

Helen Traubel, American soprano and actress (born 1903)

Maggie Gripenberg, Finnish dancer and choreographer (born 1881)

Don Miller, American football player and coach (born 1902)

Charles Shadwell, English conductor and bandleader (born 1898)

Rose Rand, Austrian-born American logician and philosopher (born 1903)

Stanley Rother, American priest and missionary (born 1935)

Keith Green, American singer-songwriter and pianist (born 1953)

Jack Renshaw, Australian politician, 31st Premier of New South Wales (born 1909)

Jill Esmond, English actress (born 1908)

Sulev Nõmmik, Estonian actor and director (born 1931)

Stanley Woods, Irish motorcycle racer (born 1903)

Roger Tory Peterson, American ornithologist and academic (born 1908)

Rosalie Crutchley, English actress (born 1920)

Seni Pramoj, Thai lawyer and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Thailand (born 1905)

Zbigniew Herbert, Polish poet and author (born 1924)

Lenny McLean, English boxer, actor, and author (born 1949)

Consalvo Sanesi, Italian racing driver (born 1911)

Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist and mathematician, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1911)

Abraham Pais, Dutch-American physicist and historian (born 1918)

Ahmed Sofa, Bangladeshi poet, author, and critic (born 1943)

Archer John Porter Martin, English chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1910)

Valerie Goulding, Irish activist and politician (born 1918)

Francis Crick, English biologist and biophysicist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1916)

Tiziano Terzani, Italian journalist and author (born 1938)

David Gemmell, English author (born 1948)

Karl Gotch, Belgian-American wrestler and trainer (born 1924)

Jim LeRoy, American soldier and pilot (born 1961)

Jim Johnson, American football player and coach (born 1941)

Abdul Fatah Younis, Libyan general (born 1944)

Colin Horsley, New Zealand-English pianist and educator (born 1920)

Sepp Mayerl, Austrian mountaineer (born 1937)

William F. Milliken Jr., American race car driver and engineer (born 1911)

Mustafa Adrisi, Ugandan general and politician, 3rd Vice President of Uganda (born 1922)

Eileen Brennan, American actress and singer (born 1932)

Rita Reys, Dutch jazz singer (born 1924)

William Scranton, American captain and politician, 13th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (born 1917)

Ersilio Tonini, Italian cardinal (born 1914)

Alex Forbes, Scottish footballer and manager (born 1925)

Alakbar Mammadov, Azerbaijani footballer and manager (born 1930)

Jan Kulczyk, Polish businessman (born 1950)

Edward Natapei, Vanuatuan politician, 6th Prime Minister of Vanuatu (born 1954)

Clive Rice, South African cricketer and coach (born 1949)

Émile Derlin Zinsou, Beninese politician (born 1918)

Mahasweta Devi, Indian Bengali fiction writer and socio-political activist (born 1926)

Wanny van Gils, Dutch footballer (born 1959)

Junrey Balawing, Filipino record holder (born 1993)

Dusty Hill, American musician (born 1949)

Bernard Cribbins, British actor (born 1928)

John Anderson, Scottish television personality, teacher and coach (born 1931)

Doug Creek, American baseball player (born 1969)

Reyes Moronta, Dominican baseball player (born 1993)

Francine Pascal, American author (born 1932)

Laura Dahlmeier, German biathlete, Olympic champion (born 1993)