World History of January 2

The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor.

The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empire.

Mercurius becomes Pope John II, the first pope to adopt a new name upon elevation to the papacy.

Christian forces defeat the Turks in the battle of Kunovica.

Reconquista: The Emirate of Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, surrenders.

Trunajaya rebellion: Amangkurat II of Mataram and his bodyguards execute the rebel leader Trunajaya.

Empress Maria Theresa of Austria amends the Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana to include the abolition of torture throughout the Habsburg-ruled countries of Austria and Bohemia.

American Revolutionary War: American forces under the command of General George Washington repulse a British attack led by General Charles Cornwallis at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek near Trenton, New Jersey.

Georgia becomes the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution.

Northwest Indian War: The Big Bottom massacre is committed by Lenape and Wyandot warriors in the Ohio Country, North America.

The British Institution of Civil Engineers is founded by a group of six engineers; Thomas Telford would later become its first president.

American Civil War: The three-day Battle of Stones River ends in a Union victory when the Confederate Army of Tennessee under General Braxton Bragg are repulsed for the final time by the Army of the Cumberland under General William S. Rosecrans.

Uruguayan War: The Siege of Paysandú ends as the Brazilians and Coloradans capture Paysandú, Uruguay.

American statesman and diplomat John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China.

Chicago Canal opens.

The second Palmer Raid, ordered by the US Department of Justice, results in 6,000 suspected communists and anarchists being arrested and held without trial.

World premiere of the science fiction play R.U.R. by the Czech writer Karel Čapek in a theater in Hradec Králové.

The Young Brothers engaged in a gun battle resulting in the deaths of six law enforcement officers; the worst single killing of US police officers in the 20th century.

World War II: The Cardiff Blitz severely damages the cathedral in Cardiff, Wales.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) obtains the conviction of 33 members of a German spy ring headed by Fritz Joubert Duquesne in the largest espionage case in United States history; Also known as the Duquesne Spy Ring.

World War II: Manila is captured by Japanese forces, enabling them to control the Philippines.

Luis Muñoz Marín is inaugurated as the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.

India establishes its highest civilian awards, the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan.

Following the assassination of the Panamanian president José Antonio Remón Cantera, his deputy, José Ramón Guizado, takes power, but is quickly deposed after his involvement in Cantera's death is discovered.

Luna 1, the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Moon and to orbit the Sun, is launched by the Soviet Union.

Vietnam War: The Viet Cong wins its first major victory, at the Battle of Ap Bac.

Ronald Reagan, past movie actor and future President of the United States, is sworn in as Governor of California.

The second Ibrox disaster kills 66 fans at a Rangers-Celtic association football match.

At the opening of a new railway line, a bomb blast at Samastipur, Bihar, India, fatally wounds Lalit Narayan Mishra, Minister of Railways.

The Gale of January 1976 begins, resulting in coastal flooding around the southern North Sea coasts, affecting countries from Ireland to Yugoslavia and causing at least 82 deaths and US$1.3 billion in damage.

On the orders of the President of Pakistan, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, paramilitary forces opened fire on peaceful protesting workers in Multan, Pakistan; it is known as 1978 massacre at Multan Colony Textile Mills.

One of the largest investigations by a British police force ends when serial killer Peter Sutcliffe, the "Yorkshire Ripper", is arrested in Sheffield, South Yorkshire.

Condor Flugdienst Flight 3782 crashes near Seferihisar, Turkey, killing 16 people.

Sharon Pratt Dixon becomes the first African American woman mayor of a major city and first woman Mayor of the District of Columbia.

Sri Lankan Civil War: The Sri Lanka Navy kill 35-100 civilians on the Jaffna Lagoon.

Stardust successfully flies past Comet Wild 2, collecting samples that are returned to Earth.

Massive nationwide protests and unrest break out in Kazakhstan over the sudden increase of liquefied petroleum gas prices, leading to 238 people dead and thousands injured by January 11.

Two aircraft collide on a runway at Haneda Airport in Tokyo, killing 5 and injuring 18.

Yōzei, Japanese emperor (died 949)

Piero di Cosimo, Italian painter (died 1522)

Henry of Stolberg, German nobleman (died 1572)

Mehmed IV, Ottoman sultan (died 1693)

Nathaniel Bacon, English-American rebel leader (died 1676)

Osman III, Ottoman sultan (died 1757)

Marie Dumesnil, French actress (died 1803)

James Wolfe, English general (died 1759)

František Brixi, Czech organist and composer (died 1771)

Christian Daniel Rauch, German sculptor and educator (died 1857)

Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja, Italian mathematician and academic (died 1869)

Rudolf Clausius, Polish-German physicist and mathematician (died 1888)

Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, Russian geographer and statistician (died 1914)

Frederick A. Johnson, American banker and politician (died 1893)

Mendele Mocher Sforim, Russian author (died 1917)

Queen Emma of Hawaii (died 1885)

Mily Balakirev, Russian pianist and composer (died 1910)

M. Carey Thomas, American educator and activist (died 1935)

Dugald Campbell Patterson, Canadian engineer (died 1931)

William Corless Mills, American historian and curator (died 1928)

Gilbert Murray, Australian-English playwright and scholar (died 1957)

Ernst Barlach, German sculptor and playwright (died 1938)

Tex Rickard, American boxing promoter and businessman (died 1929)

Antonie Pannekoek, Dutch astronomer and theorist (died 1960)

Thérèse of Lisieux, French nun and saint (died 1897)

Jaakko Mäki, Finnish politician (died 1938)

Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai, Indian activist, founded the Nair Service Society (died 1970)

Ben-Zion Dinur, Russian-Israeli historian and politician, 4th Israeli Minister of Education (died 1973)

Gordon Flowerdew, Canadian lieutenant, Victoria Cross recipient (died 1918)

Apsley Cherry-Garrard, English explorer and author (died 1959)

Bertram Stevens, Australian accountant and politician, 25th Premier of New South Wales (died 1973)

Giovanni Michelucci, Italian architect and urban planner, designed the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station (died 1990)

Seiichiro Kashio, Japanese tennis player (died 1962)

Folke Bernadotte, Swedish diplomat (died 1948)

Dziga Vertov, Polish-Russian director and screenwriter (died 1954)

Lawrence Wackett, Australian commander and engineer (died 1982)

Theodore Plucknett, English legal historian (died 1965)

Una Ledingham, British physician, known for research on diabetes in pregnancy (died 1965)

Bob Marshall, American activist, co-founded The Wilderness Society (died 1939)

Dan Keating, Irish Republican Army volunteer (died 2007)

Kane Tanaka, Japanese Supercentenarian, Oldest Japanese person ever, Second oldest verified person in world history (died 2022)

Walter Heitler, German physicist and chemist (died 1981)

Michael Tippett, English composer and conductor (died 1998)

Luigi Zampa, Italian director and screenwriter (died 1991)

Riccardo Cassin, Italian mountaineer and author (died 2009)

Barry Goldwater, American politician, businessman, and author (died 1998)

Juanita Jackson Mitchell, American lawyer and activist (died 1992)

Anna Lee, English-American actress (died 2004)

Vera Zorina, German-Norwegian actress and dancer (died 2003)

Willi Graf, German physician and activist (died 1943)

Ernest Bender, American Indologist (died 1996)

Beatrice Hicks, American engineer (died 1979)

Isaac Asimov, American writer and professor of biochemistry (died 1992)

Bob Feerick, American basketball player and coach (died 1976)

Glen Harmon, Canadian ice hockey player (died 2007)

Gino Marchetti, American football player (died 2019)

Dan Rostenkowski, American politician (died 2010)

Charles Beaumont, screenwriter and American author of speculative fiction (died 1967)

Tellervo Koivisto, Finnish politician, former First Lady of Finland

Toshiki Kaifu, Japanese lawyer and politician, 76th Prime Minister of Japan (died 2022)

John Hollowbread, English footballer, goalkeeper (died 2007)

Roger Miller, American singer-songwriter, musician, and actor (died 1992)

David Bailey, English photographer and painter

Lynn Conway, American computer scientist and electrical engineer (died 2024)

Robert Smithson, American sculptor and photographer (died 1973)

Jim Bakker, American televangelist

Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabian economist and politician, Saudi Arabian Minister of Foreign Affairs (died 2015)

Thomas Hammarberg, Swedish lawyer and diplomat

Dennis Hastert, American educator and politician, 59th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

Janet Akyüz Mattei, Turkish-American astronomer (died 2004)

Charlie Davis, Trinidadian cricketer

Péter Eötvös, Hungarian composer and conductor (died 2024)

Norodom Ranariddh, Cambodian field marshal and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Cambodia (died 2021)

Mohamed Ali Yusuf, Somali politician (died 2024)

Jack Hanna, American zoologist and author

Calvin Hill, American football player

David Shapiro, American poet, historian, and critic (died 2024)

Judith Miller, American journalist

Deborah Watling, English actress (died 2017)

Christopher Durang, American playwright and screenwriter (died 2024)

Iris Marion Young, American political scientist and academic (died 2006)

Indulis Emsis, Latvian biologist and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Latvia

Wendy Phillips, American actress

Henry Bonilla, American broadcaster and politician

Évelyne Trouillot, Haitian playwright and author

Gabrielle Carteris, American actress

Paula Hamilton, English model

Todd Haynes, American film director, screenwriter, and producer

Craig James, American football player and sportscaster

Robert Wexler, American lawyer and politician

David Cone, American baseball player and sportscaster

Edgar Martínez, American baseball player

Chris Welp, German-American basketball player (died 2015)

Pernell Whitaker, American boxer (died 2019)

Francois Pienaar, South African rugby player

Tia Carrere, American actress

Jón Gnarr, Icelandic actor and politician; 20th Mayor of Reykjavík

Cuba Gooding, Jr., American actor and producer

Anky van Grunsven, Dutch dressage champion

István Bagyula, Hungarian pole vaulter

William Fox-Pitt, English horse rider and journalist

Elena Gorolová, Czech Romani activist

Róbert Švehla, Slovak ice hockey player

Christy Turlington, American model

Eric Whitacre, American composer and conductor

Taye Diggs, American actor and singer

Renée Elise Goldsberry, American actress

Rodney MacDonald, Canadian educator and politician, 26th Premier of Nova Scotia

Shiraz Minwalla, Indian theoretical physicist and string theorist

Mattias Norström, Swedish ice hockey player and manager

Ludmila Formanová, Czech runner

Juha Lind, Finnish ice hockey player

Tomáš Řepka, Czech footballer

Dax Shepard, American actor

Jeff Suppan, American baseball player

Reuben Thorne, New Zealand rugby player

Paz Vega, Spanish actress

Brian Boucher, American ice hockey player and sportscaster

Stefan Koubek, Austrian tennis player

Jonathan Greening, English footballer

David Gyasi, British actor

Kirk Hinrich, American basketball player

Maxi Rodríguez, Argentine footballer

Kate Bosworth, American actress

Anthony Carrigan, American actor

Shelley Hennig, American actress and model

Robert Milsom, English footballer

Loïc Rémy, French footballer

Germán Cano, Argentine footballer

Luke Harangody, American basketball player

Damien Tussac, French-German rugby player

Ben Hardy, English actor

Paulo Gazzaniga, Argentine footballer

Alexey Marchenko, Russian ice hockey player

Teemu Pulkkinen, Finnish ice hockey player

Korbin Sims, Australian-Fijian rugby league player

Bryson Tiller, American singer and rapper

Ronald Darby, American football player

Jonah Bolden, Australian-American basketball player

Arshad Nadeem, Pakistani javelin thrower

Carlos Soler, Spanish footballer

Tfue, American online streamer

Timothy Fosu-Mensah, Dutch footballer

Georgios Kalaitzakis, Greek basketball player

Fernando Tatís Jr., Dominican baseball player

Aaron Wiggins, American professional basketball player

Spencer Arrighetti, American baseball player

Cole Caufield, American ice hockey player

Luiz Henrique, Brazilian footballer

CJ Egan-Riley, English footballer

Elye Wahi, French footballer

Claudio Echeverri, Argentine footballer

Liu Chengyou, Emperor Yin of the Later Han (born 931)

Su Fengji, Chinese official and chancellor

William de St-Calais, Bishop of Durham and chief counsellor of William II of England

Bertrand de Blanchefort, sixth Grand Master of the Knights Templar (born c. 1109)

Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria, daughter of Andronikos Komnenos

Lodomer, Hungarian prelate, Archbishop of Esztergom

Heinrich Reuß von Plauen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order

Svante Nilsson, Swedish politician (born 1460)

William Smyth, English bishop and academic (born 1460)

Francesco Canova da Milano, Italian composer (born 1497)

Pontormo, Italian painter and educator (born 1494)

Morris Kyffin, Welsh soldier and writer (born c.1555)

Salima Sultan Begum, Empress of the Mughal Empire (born 1539)

Luisa Carvajal y Mendoza, Spanish mystical poet and Catholic martyr (born 1566)

Domenico Zipoli, Italian organist and composer (born 1688)

John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, English statesman (born 1690)

Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, French chemist and politician (born 1793)

Manuel de la Peña y Peña, Mexican lawyer and 20th President (1847) (born 1789)

Frederick William IV of Prussia (born 1795)

Meta Heusser-Schweizer, Swiss poet (born 1797)

George Biddell Airy, English mathematician and astronomer (born 1801)

James Longstreet, American general and diplomat (born 1821)

Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (born 1855)

Karl Goldmark, Hungarian violinist and composer (born 1830)

Léon Flameng, French cyclist (born 1877)

Paul Adam, French author (born 1862)

Sabine Baring-Gould, English author and scholar (born 1834)

Roman Dmowski, Polish politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (born 1864)

Mischa Levitzki, Russian-American pianist and composer (born 1898)

Joe Darling, Australian cricketer and politician (born 1870)

James Dooley, Irish-Australian politician, 21st Premier of New South Wales (born 1877)

William Campion, English colonel and politician, 21st Governor of Western Australia (born 1870)

Edith New, English militant suffragette (born 1877)

Guccio Gucci, Italian businessman and fashion designer, founder of Gucci (born 1881)

Paul Sauvé, Canadian lawyer and politician, 17th Premier of Quebec (born 1907)

Dick Powell, American actor, singer, and director (born 1904)

Jack Carson, Canadian-American actor (born 1910)

Tex Ritter, American actor (born 1905)

Siraj Sikder, Bangladesh revolutionary leader (born 1944)

Erroll Garner, American pianist and composer (born 1921)

Una Merkel, American actress (born 1903)

Harekrushna Mahatab, Indian journalist and politician, 1st Chief Minister of Odisha (born 1899)

Safdar Hashmi, Indian actor, director, and playwright (born 1954)

Alan Hale Jr., American film and television actor (born 1921)

Evangelos Averoff, Greek historian and politician, Greek Minister for National Defence (born 1910)

Dixy Lee Ray, American biologist and politician; 17th Governor of Washington (born 1914)

Pierre-Paul Schweitzer, French lawyer and businessman (born 1915)

Nancy Kelly, American actress (born 1921)

Siad Barre, Somalian general and politician; 3rd President of Somalia (born 1919)

Rolf Liebermann, Swiss-French composer and manager (born 1910)

Sebastian Haffner, German journalist and author (born 1907)

Elmo Zumwalt, American admiral (born 1920)

Patrick O'Brian, English author and translator (born 1914)

William P. Rogers, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, 55th United States Secretary of State (born 1913)

Maclyn McCarty, American geneticist and physician (born 1911)

Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, Filipino lawyer and jurist (born 1913)

Osa Massen, Danish-American actress (born 1914)

A. Richard Newton, Australian-American engineer and academic (born 1951)

Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, American historian and author (born 1941)

Teddy Kollek, Hungarian-Israeli politician, Mayor of Jerusalem (born 1911)

George MacDonald Fraser, Scottish journalist and author (born 1925)

Lee S. Dreyfus, American politician, Governor of Wisconsin (born 1926)

Inger Christensen, Danish poet and author (born 1935)

David R. Ross, Scottish historian and author (born 1958)

Anne Francis, American actress (born 1930)

Bali Ram Bhagat, Indian politician; 16th Governor of Rajasthan (born 1922)

Pete Postlethwaite, English actor (born 1946)

Gordon Hirabayashi, American-Canadian sociologist and academic (born 1918)

Silvana Gallardo, American actress and producer (born 1953)

William P. Carey, American businessman and philanthropist, founded W. P. Carey (born 1930)

Gerda Lerner, Austrian-American historian, author, and academic (born 1920)

Teresa Torańska, Polish journalist and author (born 1944)

Bernard Glasser, American director and producer (born 1924)

Elizabeth Jane Howard, English author and screenwriter (born 1923)

Tihomir Novakov, Serbian-American physicist and academic (born 1929)

Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan, Indian lawyer and politician (born 1924)

Frances Cress Welsing, American psychiatrist and author (born 1935)

Nimr al-Nimr, Saudi Arabian religious leader (born 1959)

Gisela Mota Ocampo, mayor of Temixco, Morelos, Mexico, assassinated (born 1982)

Jean Vuarnet, French ski racer (born 1933)

John Berger, English art critic, novelist and painter (born 1926)

Guida Maria, Portuguese actress (born 1950)

Thomas S. Monson, American religious leader, 16th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (born 1927)

Daryl Dragon, American musician (born 1942)

Julia Grant, British transgender activist (born 1954)

Bob Einstein, American actor and comedian (born 1942)

Gene Okerlund, American wrestling announcer (born 1942)

Ágnes Keleti, Hungarian Olympic gymnast (born 1921)

Francesc Antich, Spanish politician (born 1958)