World History of February 12

Upon reaching Rome, Bruno of Toul is elected as pope Leo IX and starts initiating reforms.

Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular.

The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performs the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen-Geist Spital in Vienna.

English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings.

Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity.

Vasco da Gama sets sail with 15 ships and 800 men from Lisbon, Portugal on his second voyage to India.

Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia.

Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwŏn Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju.

The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication.

Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah.

Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden.

An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco.

Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile.

The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west.

Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands.

Antonín Dvořák's Jakobín is premiered at the National Theater in Prague.

Café Terminus bombing by Émile Henry during the Ère des attentats (1892-1894). This is considered one of the first acts of modern terrorism.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded.

New Zealand's worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the SS Penguin, an inter-island ferry, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour.

The Xuantong Emperor, the last Emperor of China, abdicates.

The Second Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents is held by the Makhnovshchina at Huliaipole.

Bolsheviks launch a revolt in Georgia as a preliminary to the Red Army invasion of Georgia.

USS Macon, one of the two largest helium-filled airships ever created, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California and sinks.

A devastating tornado outbreak in Mississippi and Alabama kills 45 people and injures 427 others.

World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats.

African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the civil rights movement and partially inspires Orson Welles' film Touch of Evil.

The largest observed iron meteorite until that time creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union.

Christian Dior unveils a "New Look", helping Paris regain its position as the capital of the fashion world.

The Soviet Union launches Venera 1 towards Venus.

Construction begins on the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri.

Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705 crashes into the Everglades shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport, killing all 45 people on board.

Malcolm X visits Smethwick near Birmingham following the racially-charged 1964 United Kingdom general election.

Rabbi Morris Adler is fatally shot by a disgruntled congregant at Congregation Shaarey Zedek in Southfield, Michigan, United States.

Vietnam War: The Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre occurs, allegedly by South Korean troops.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, is exiled from the Soviet Union.

One hundred women protest in Lahore, Pakistan against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq's proposed Law of Evidence. The women were tear-gassed, baton-charged and thrown into lock-up. The women were successful in repealing the law.

Cold War: The 1988 Black Sea bumping incident: The U.S. missile cruiser USS Yorktown (CG-48) is intentionally rammed by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetnyy in the Soviet territorial waters, while Yorktown claims innocent passage.

Carmen Lawrence becomes the first female Premier in Australian history when she becomes Premier of Western Australia.

The current Constitution of Mongolia comes into effect.

Two-year-old James Bulger is abducted from New Strand Shopping Centre by two ten-year-old boys, who later torture and murder him.

Four thieves break into the National Gallery of Norway and steal Edvard Munch's iconic painting The Scream.

United States President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial.

NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid.

The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion.

An Iran Airtour Tupolev Tu-154 crashes in the mountains outside Khorramabad, Iran while descending for a landing at Khorramabad Airport, killing 119.

The city of San Francisco begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in response to a directive from Mayor Gavin Newsom.

Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashes into a house in Clarence Center, New York while on approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing all 49 on board and one on the ground.

Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their split in 1054.

The country known as the Republic of Macedonia renames itself the Republic of North Macedonia in accordance with the Prespa agreement, settling a long-standing naming dispute with Greece.

In the first general election since the July Revolution in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, led by Tarique Rahman, wins a landslide victory upon returning to power after almost 19 years. A referendum held alongside was also approved by the majority of voters.

Britannicus, Roman son of Claudius (died 55)

Daughter of Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei, nominal empress regnant of Northern Wei

Princess Ōku of Japan (died 702)

Conrad II of Italy (died 1101)

Kujo Yoritsune, Japanese shōgun (died 1256)

John Henry, Margrave of Moravia (died 1375)

Giovanni II Bentivoglio, Italian noble (died 1508)

Frederick II of Legnica, Duke of Legnica (died 1547)

Wŏn Kyun, Korean general and admiral (died 1597)

Thomas Campion, English composer, poet, and physician (died 1620)

Caspar Barlaeus, Dutch historian, poet, and theologian (died 1648)

John Winthrop the Younger, English-American lawyer and politician, Governor of Connecticut (died 1676)

Daniello Bartoli, Italian Jesuit priest (died 1685)

Jan Swammerdam, Dutch biologist and zoologist (died 1680)

Cotton Mather, English-American minister and author (died 1728)

Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician (died 1721)

Charles Pinot Duclos, French author (died 1772)

Johann Joseph Christian, German Baroque sculptor and woodcarver (died 1777)

Étienne-Louis Boullée, French architect (died 1799)

François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, French admiral (died 1798)

Jan Ladislav Dussek, Czech pianist and composer (died 1812)

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1835)

Louisa Adams, 6th First Lady of the United States (died 1852)

Bernard Courtois, French chemist and academic (died 1838)

Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, German author and poet (died 1843)

Pierre Louis Dulong, French physicist and chemist (died 1838)

Norbert Provencher, Canadian bishop and missionary (died 1853)

Carl Reichenbach, German chemist and philosopher (died 1869)

Peter Cooper, American businessman and philanthropist, founded Cooper Union (died 1883)

Alexander Petrov, Russian chess player and composer (died 1867)

Valentín Canalizo, Mexican general and politician (died 1850)

Heinrich Lenz, German-Italian physicist and academic (died 1865)

Charles Darwin, English naturalist, geologist, biologist and theorist (died 1882)

Abraham Lincoln, American lawyer and statesman, 16th President of the United States (died 1865)

William Wetmore Story, American sculptor, architect, poet and editor (died 1895)

Dayananda Saraswati, Indian monk and philosopher, founded Arya Samaj (died 1883)

George Meredith, English novelist and poet (died 1909)

Thomas Moran, British-American painter and printmaker of the Hudson River School (died 1926)

Eugène Atget, French photographer (died 1927)

Bobby Peel, English cricketer and coach (died 1943)

Lou Andreas-Salomé, Russian-German psychoanalyst and author (died 1937)

Lev Shestov, Russian philosopher (died 1938)

Kiến Phúc, Vietnamese emperor (died 1884)

Marie Lloyd, English actress and singer (died 1922)

13th Dalai Lama (died 1933)

Louis Renault, French engineer and businessman, co-founded Renault (died 1944)

George Preca, Maltese priest and saint (died 1962)

John L. Lewis, American miner and union leader (died 1969)

Anna Pavlova, Russian-English ballerina and actress (died 1931)

Walter Nash, English-New Zealand lawyer and politician, 27th Prime Minister of New Zealand (died 1968)

Max Beckmann, German painter and sculptor (died 1950)

Johan Laidoner, Estonian-Russian general (died 1953)

Alice Roosevelt Longworth, American author (died 1980)

Marie Vassilieff, Russian-French painter (died 1957)

James Scott, American composer (died 1938)

Julius Streicher, German publisher, founded Der Stürmer (died 1946)

Bhante Dharmawara, Cambodian monk, lawyer, and judge (died 1999)

Omar Bradley, American general (died 1981)

Kristian Djurhuus, Faroese lawyer and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (died 1984)

Charles Groves Wright Anderson, South African-Australian colonel and politician (died 1988)

Lincoln LaPaz, American astronomer and academic (died 1985)

Wallace Ford, English-American actor and singer (died 1966)

Roger J. Traynor, American lawyer and jurist, 23rd Chief Justice of California (died 1983)

William Collier, Jr., American actor, producer, and screenwriter (died 1987)

Jorge Basadre, Peruvian historian (died 1980)

Chick Hafey, American baseball player and manager (died 1973)

Ted Mack, American radio and television host (died 1976)

Joseph Kearns, American actor (died 1962)

Jean Effel, French painter, caricaturist, illustrator and journalist (died 1982)

Jacques Herbrand, French mathematician and philosopher (died 1931)

Zoran Mušič, Slovene painter and illustrator (died 2005)

Sigmund Rascher, German physician (died 1945)

Charles Mathiesen, Norwegian speed skater (died 1994)

R. F. Delderfield, English author and playwright (died 1972)

Tex Beneke, American singer, saxophonist, and bandleader (died 2000)

Hanna Neumann, German-Canadian mathematician (died 1971)

Lorne Greene, Canadian-American actor (died 1987)

Olivia Hooker, American sailor (died 2018)

Joseph Alioto, American lawyer and politician, 36th Mayor of San Francisco (died 1998)

Al Cervi, American basketball player and coach (died 2009)

Dom DiMaggio, American baseball player (died 2009)

Norman Farberow, American psychologist and academic (died 2015)

Julian Schwinger, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1994)

Forrest Tucker, American actor (died 1986)

Raymond Mhlaba, South African anti-apartheid and ANC activist (died 2005)

Hussein Onn, Malaysian lawyer and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Malaysia (died 1990)

Franco Zeffirelli, Italian director, producer, and politician (died 2019)

Anthony Berry, English politician (died 1984)

Joan Mitchell, American-French painter (died 1992)

Rolf Brem, Swiss sculptor and illustrator (died 2014)

Joe Garagiola, American baseball player and sportscaster (died 2016)

Charles Van Doren, American academic (died 2019)

Vincent Montana, Jr., American drummer and composer (died 2013)

John Doyle, Irish hurler and politician (died 2010)

Arlen Specter, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (died 2012)

Janwillem van de Wetering, Dutch-American author and translator (died 2008)

Axel Jensen, Norwegian author and poet (died 2003)

Julian Simon, American economist, author, and academic (died 1998)

Ivan Anikeyev, Soviet cosmonaut (died 1992)

Costa-Gavras, Greek-French director and producer

Annette Crosbie, Scottish actress

Anne Osborn Krueger, American economist and academic

Bill Russell, American basketball player and coach (died 2022)

Gene McDaniels, American singer-songwriter and producer (died 2011)

Joe Don Baker, American actor (died 2025)

Alan Ebringer, Australian immunologist

Judy Blume, American author and educator

Leon Kass, American physician, scientist, and educator

Ray Manzarek, American singer-songwriter, keyboard player, and producer (died 2013)

Dominguinhos, Brazilian singer-songwriter and accordion player (died 2013)

Naomi Uemura, Japanese mountaineer and explorer (died 1984)

Ehud Barak, Israeli general and politician, 10th Prime Minister of Israel

Terry Bisson, American science fiction and fantasy author (died 2024)

Pat Dobson, American baseball player, coach, and manager (died 2006)

Maud Adams, Swedish model and actress

David D. Friedman, American economist, physicist, and scholar

Jean Eyeghé Ndong, Gabonese politician, Prime Minister of Gabon

Ajda Pekkan, Turkish singer-songwriter and actress

Ray Kurzweil, American computer scientist and engineer

Nicholas Soames, English politician, Minister of State for the Armed Forces

Lenny Randle, American baseball player

Gundappa Viswanath, Indian cricketer

Angelo Branduardi, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist

Steve Hackett, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer

Michael Ironside, Canadian actor, director, and screenwriter

Simon MacCorkindale, English actor, director, and producer (died 2010)

Michael McDonald, American singer-songwriter and keyboard player

Joanna Kerns, American actress and director

Joseph Jordania, Georgian-Australian musicologist and academic

Tzimis Panousis, Greek comedian, singer, and author (died 2018)

Phil Zimmermann, American cryptographer and programmer

Zach Grenier, American actor

Bill Laswell, American musician and producer

Chet Lemon, American baseball player and coach

Arsenio Hall, American actor and talk show host

Ad Melkert, Dutch lawyer and politician, Dutch Minister of Social Affairs and Employment

Brian Robertson, Scottish musician and songwriter

Bobby Smith, Canadian ice hockey player and executive

Larry Nance, American basketball player

David Graeber, American anthropologist and activist (died 2020)

Jim Harris, Canadian environmentalist and politician

Michel Martelly, Haitian singer and politician, 56th President of Haiti

John Michael Higgins, American actor and comedian

Omar Hakim, American drummer, producer, arranger, and composer

Raphael Sbarge, American actor and director

Rubén Amaro, Jr., American baseball player and manager

Christine Elise, American actress and producer

Brett Kavanaugh, American lawyer and jurist, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

David Westlake, English singer-songwriter and guitarist

Greg Carberry, Australian rugby league player

Paul Crook, American musician, songwriter, and producer

Lochlyn Munro, Canadian actor

Josh Brolin, American actor

Chynna Phillips, American singer and actress

Nathan Rees, Australian politician, 41st Premier of New South Wales

Darren Aronofsky, American director, producer, and screenwriter

Alemayehu Atomsa, Ethiopian educator and politician (died 2014)

Steve Backley, English javelin thrower

Anneli Drecker, Norwegian singer and actress

Hong Myung-bo, South Korean footballer and manager

Jim Creeggan, Canadian singer-songwriter and musician

Bryan Roy, Dutch footballer and manager

Judd Winick, American author and illustrator

Scott Menville, American voice actor, singer, actor and musician

Owen Nolan, Northern Irish-Canadian ice hockey player

Gianni Romme, Dutch speed skater

Tara Strong, Canadian-American voice actress and singer

Naseem Hamed, English boxer

Scot Pollard, American basketball player and actor

Christian Cullen, New Zealand rugby player

Jimmy Conrad, American soccer player and manager

Paul Anderson, English actor

Jesse Spencer, Australian actor and violinist

Juan Carlos Ferrero, Spanish tennis player

Sarah Lancaster, American actress

Gucci Mane, American rapper

Christina Ricci, American actress and producer

Wade McKinnon, Australian rugby league player

Jonas Hiller, Swiss ice hockey player

Louis Tsatoumas, Greek long jumper

Anthony Tuitavake, New Zealand rugby player

Carlton Brewster, American football player and coach

Brad Keselowski, American race car driver

Andrei Sidorenkov, Estonian footballer

Peter Vanderkaay, American swimmer

Konstantin Pushkaryov, Kazakhstani ice hockey player

Todd Frazier, American baseball player

Jérémy Chardy, French tennis player

Gabriela Mărginean, Romanian basketball player

DeMarco Murray, American football player

Nicolás Otamendi, Argentine footballer

Josh Phegley, American baseball player

Mike Posner, American singer-songwriter and producer

Josh Harrellson, American basketball player

Katherine Barrell, Canadian actress, director, writer, and producer

Robert Griffin III, American football player

Patrick Herrmann, German footballer

Kane Richardson, Australian cricketer

Magda Linette, Polish tennis player

Bud Dupree, American football player

Rafinha, Brazilian footballer

Jennifer Stone, American actress

Kemal Bilmez, Belgian politician

Arman Hall, American sprinter

Paxton Lynch, American football player

Kim Ji-min, South Korean actress

Khvicha Kvaratskhelia, Georgian footballer

Benedict of Aniane, French monk and saint (born 747)

Henjō, Japanese priest and poet (born 816)

Antony II, patriarch of Constantinople

Li, empress of Yan

Wulfhelm, Archbishop of Canterbury

Ælfstan, bishop of Ramsbury

Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg, ruler (born 1185)

Amadeus of the Amidei, Italian saint

Catherine of Navarre (born 1468)

Albrecht Altdorfer, German painter, engraver, and architect (born 1480)

Lord Guildford Dudley, English son of Jane Dudley, Duchess of Northumberland (born 1536; executed)

Lady Jane Grey, de facto monarch of England and Ireland for nine days (born 1537; executed)

Nicholas Throckmorton, English politician and diplomat (born 1515)

Pari Khan Khanum, Iranian princess (born 1548)

François Hotman, French lawyer and author (born 1524)

Edward Denny, Knight Banneret of Bishop's Stortford, English soldier, privateer and adventurer (born 1547)

Jodocus Hondius, Flemish cartographer (born 1563)

George Heriot, Scottish goldsmith and philanthropist, founded George Heriot's School (born 1563)

Jahandar Shah, Mughal emperor (born 1664)

Agostino Steffani, Italian priest and composer (born 1653)

Pierre de Marivaux, French author and playwright (born 1688)

Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden (born 1710)

Ethan Allen, American farmer, general, and politician (born 1738)

Immanuel Kant, German anthropologist, philosopher, and academic (born 1724)

Friedrich Schleiermacher, German philosopher and scholar (born 1768)

Randolph Caldecott, English-American painter and illustrator (born 1846)

Hans von Bülow, German pianist, composer, and conductor (born 1830)

Ambroise Thomas, French composer and academic (born 1811)

Gerhard Armauer Hansen, Norwegian physician (born 1841)

Émile Waldteufel, French pianist, composer, and conductor (born 1837)

Richard Dedekind, German mathematician, philosopher, and academic (born 1831)

Lillie Langtry, English singer and actress (born 1853)

Samad bey Mehmandarov, Azerbaijani-Russian general and politician, 3rd Azerbaijani Minister of Defense (born 1855)

Auguste Escoffier, French chef and author (born 1846)

Eugene Esmonde, Irish-English lieutenant and pilot, Victoria Cross recipient (born 1909)

Avraham Stern, Polish-Israeli militant leader (born 1907)

Grant Wood, American painter and academic (born 1891)

Moses Gomberg, Ukrainian-American chemist and academic (born 1866)

Hassan al-Banna, Egyptian educator, founded the Muslim Brotherhood (born 1906)

Dziga Vertov, Polish-Russian director and screenwriter (born 1896)

Douglas Hartree, English mathematician and physicist (born 1897)

Oskar Anderson, Bulgarian-German mathematician and academic (born 1887)

Clare Turlay Newberry, American author and illustrator (born 1903)

James Cash Penney, American businessman and philanthropist, founded J. C. Penney (born 1875)

Carl Lutz, Swiss vice-consul to Hungary during WWII, credited with saving over 62,000 Jews (born 1895)

Frank Stagg, Irish Republican died on hunger strike (born 1941)

Sal Mineo, American actor (born 1939)

Herman Dooyeweerd, Dutch philosopher and scholar (born 1894)

Jean Renoir, French actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (born 1894)

Muriel Rukeyser, American poet and activist (born 1913)

Victor Jory, Canadian-American actor (born 1902)

Eubie Blake, American pianist and composer (born 1887)

Anna Anderson, Polish-American woman, who claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (born 1896)

Julio Cortázar, Belgian-Argentinian author and poet (born 1914)

Nicholas Colasanto, American actor and director (born 1924)

Thomas Bernhard, Austrian playwright and author (born 1931)

Roger Patterson, American bass player (born 1968)

Bep van Klaveren, Dutch boxer (born 1907)

Donald Judd, American painter and sculptor (born 1928)

Philip Taylor Kramer, American bass player (born 1952)

Gardner Ackley, American economist and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Italy (born 1915)

Tom Landry, American football player and coach (born 1924)

Charles M. Schulz, American cartoonist, created Peanuts (born 1922)

Kristina Söderbaum, Swedish-German actress and producer (born 1912)

John Eriksen, Danish footballer (born 1957)

Dorothy Stang, American-Brazilian nun and missionary (born 1931)

Ann Barzel, American writer and dance critic (born 1905)

Peggy Gilbert, American saxophonist and bandleader (born 1905)

David Groh, American actor (born 1939)

Colgan Air Flight 3407 victims:

Alison Des Forges, American historian and activist (born 1942)

Beverly Eckert, American activist (born 1951)

Mat Mathews, Dutch accordion player (born 1924)

Coleman Mellett, American guitarist (born 1974)

Gerry Niewood, American saxophonist (born 1943)

Nodar Kumaritashvili, Georgian luger (born 1988)

Peter Alexander, Austrian singer and actor (born 1926)

Betty Garrett, American actress, singer, and dancer (born 1919)

Kenneth Mars, American actor and comedian (born 1935)

Zina Bethune, American actress, dancer, and choreographer (born 1945)

Denis Flannery, Australian rugby player and coach (born 1928)

David Kelly, Irish actor (born 1929)

John Severin, American illustrator (born 1921)

Sattam bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabian prince (born 1941)

Reginald Turnill, English journalist and author (born 1915)

Hennadiy Udovenko, Ukrainian politician and diplomat, 2nd Minister of Foreign Affairs for Ukraine (born 1931)

Sid Caesar, American actor and comedian (born 1922)

John Pickstone, English historian and author (born 1944)

Movita Castaneda, American actress and singer (born 1916)

Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat, Malaysian cleric and politician, 12th Menteri Besar of Kelantan (born 1931)

Gary Owens, American radio host and voice actor (born 1934)

Steve Strange, Welsh singer (born 1959)

Dominique D'Onofrio, Italian-Belgian footballer and coach (born 1953)

Yannis Kalaitzis, Greek cartoonist (born 1945)

Yan Su, Chinese general and composer (born 1930)

Al Jarreau, American singer (born 1940)

Anna Marguerite McCann, first female American underwater archaeologist (born 1933)

Bill Crider, American author (born 1941)

Gordon Banks, English footballer (born 1937)

Lyndon LaRouche, American political activist (born 1922)

Pedro Morales, Puerto Rican professional wrestler and commentator (born 1942)

Christie Blatchford, Canadian newspaper columnist, journalist and broadcaster (born 1951)

Geert Hofstede, Dutch social psychologist (born 1928)

Ivan Reitman, Slovak-Canadian actor, director, and producer (born 1946)